Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include hormone binding to intracellular receptors.
When a cell is exposed to extracellular signaling molecules, or first messengers, second messengers, or intracellular signaling molecules, are released by the cell.
Second messengers cause physiological alterations at the cellular level, including depolarization, migration, apoptosis, differentiation, and proliferation.
Secondary messenger systems attach hormones to receptors, which sets off a series of events that result in actions.
Secondary messengers are chemicals that transmit information from cell surface receptors to targets located in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell.
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